Morphological and anatomical aberrations induced by waterlogging in sugarcane

Aim: The present investigation was carried out to study root anatomy of sugarcane cultivars (CoLk 94184 and CoJ64) planted under waterlogged condition through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Methodology: Two sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid) cultivars, CoLk 94184 and CoJ 64 were evaluated for changes in root anatomy in response to waterlogging during 2017-2018. For waterlogging treatment, crop was grown in deep plot which was waterlogged upto a depth of 1 m during active grand growth stage (monsoon season) along with untreated control plot. After three months of waterlogging, the plants were uprooted to study the root morphology and anatomy through SEM. Results: Waterlogged plants showed aerial root formation in both the cultivars but number and mass were higher in CoJ64. Aerenchyma was formed in the cortical region of both control and waterlogging roots but the size was relatively increased in waterlogged. Irregular and damaged surface cells with longer root hairs were observed in waterlogging treatment. Waterlogged roots exhibited cell distortion, loss of uniformity in endodermis and pericycle regions and higher number of metaxylem vessels. Interpretation: The study concluded that waterlogging treatment caused structural anomalies and induced anatomical and surface ultra-structural changes in both the cultivars, but the level of deformation was relatively higher in genotype CoJ 64, indicating sensitivity towards waterlogging as compared to cultivar CoLk 94184.

Assessment of waterlogging induced physio-biochemical changes in sugarcane varieties and its association with waterlogging tolerance

Aim: The aim of the present investigation was to study the effect of waterlogging on growth and physiological behaviour of sugarcane varieties, and to evaluate these in relation to waterlogging tolerance to identify reliable physiological parameters for screening sugarcane genotypes for waterlogging tolerance.. Methodology: Ten sugarcane varieties including four tolerant and one sensitive were planted under waterlogged and non waterlogged (control) conditions. Waterlogging was imposed for 70 days at the crop age of 120 days, thereafter water was completely drained. Based on relative cane weight (% waterlogged/control), the ranking of varieties was done for waterlogging tolerance. Changes in cane weight, stalk growth rate, internode length, chlorophyll stability index and antioxidant enzyme activity were measured at the end of waterlogging. Leaf samples were analysed for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content. Correlation between waterlogging tolerance and different traits was assessed. Results: Based on relative cane weight (% waterlogged/control), CoLk 94184 was found to be the most waterlogging tolerant variety while CoJ 64 the most sensitive. Waterlogging remarkably reduced stalk growth rate and a significant positive correlation was found between waterlogging tolerance and stalk growth rate during waterlogging. The average internode length of sugarcane varieties increased by 11% in waterlogging as compared to control. Tolerant varieties had high chlorophyll stability index than sensitive one showing that tolerant varieties had less chlorosis in waterlogging. Waterlogging caused a significant increase in antioxidant enzyme activity of catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, however these increase were higher in tolerant varieties. Waterlogging induced severe deficiencies of N, P and K in sugarcane; the leaf N and K concentration were below critical deficiency level. A strong positive correlation was found between leaf K content and waterlogging tolerance. Interpretation: Stalk growth rate, chlorophyll stability index and leaf potassium concentration during waterlogging were identified as efficient physiological traits for screening the sugarcane varieties for waterlogging tolerance.

Effect of lisinopril and perindopril on serum lipid profile in Albino rabbits

Background: Hypertension with dislipidemia is becoming a common morbidity, since ACE inhibitors are the first line of antihypertensive drugs so present study was undertaken with the aim to evaluate the possible effects of ACE inhibitor on lipid profile in albino rabbits.Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur. Rabbits were divided into 2 groups with 6 in each group. Rabbits of Group I was given Lisinopril in dose of 0.25mg/kg and of group II was given Perindopril in dose of 0.20mg/kg for a period of 6 weeks. Lipid profile estimation (Serum Total cholesterol, serum HDL, serum LDL, serum Triglycerides and serum VLDL) was done at day 0, 7, 21 and 45 respectively.Results: After analysis Rabbits of group-I (Lisinopril) showed 3.1% decrease in serum cholesterol level at 45th day (P<0.001). Serum HDL level increased by 6.4% and 14.3% at day 21 and 45 respectively (P<0.05). Increase in serum Triglyceride level was 2.6% at day 45 (P>0.05). Serum LDL level decreases by 4.4% and 8.6% at day 21 and 45 respectively (P<0.001). There was no significant change in Serum VLDL level. Rabbits of group- II (Perindopril) showed decreased total cholesterol levels by 2.6% (P<0.05). There was an increase in HDL level by 6.8 % at day 45(P<.05). Triglycerides and VLDL levels were not significantly altered while serum LDL level decreases by 6.7% at day 45 (P<0.01).Conclusions: From our study it was concluded that Lisinopril had a favourable effect on serum lipid profile by decreasing total cholesterol, increasing serum HDL level. It may increase triglycerides, decrease LDL. Perindopril increase serum HDL and decreases LDL, there is no significant change in cholesterol, TG and VLDL levels.

An assessment of treatment compliance among patients on DOTS under revised national tuberculosis control programme in district Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Background: India is the highest TB burden country in the world. In the year 2006, annual performance of revised national tuberculosis control programme (RNTCP) in India, in terms of cure rate of new smear positive patients was 84%, default rate was 6.4% while in Madhya Pradesh it was 82% and 7.6% respectively. Rewa district have poor performance as compare to national level. Non-adherence with treatment has been recognized as an important factor responsible for low cure rate and high incidence of drug resistant TB. The objective of study was to find out the compliance rate with DOTS and associated factors responsible for non-compliance in the district. Methods: The present observational study was carried out at fifteen selected DMC cum DOTS centers of Rewa district, M.P. Results: Of the 337 patients interviewed, majority of patients 270 (80.11%) complied and 67 (19.88%) did not comply to treatment. The main reasons for non-compliance were false perception of having their disease cured because they felt well with initial treatment 26 (38.81%), side effects of drugs 23 (34.33%), anxiety of loss of wages 9 (13.43%) and Migration of patients 7 (10.44%). Conclusions: Repeated counselling and motivation of noncompliant patients would be helpful to reduce noncompliance to treatment.

Reliable screening technique for evaluation of wild crucifers against mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.).

Wild crucifers namely Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassica fruticulosa, B. rugosa, B. spinescens, B. tournefortii, Camelina sativa, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Crambe abysinnica, Cronopus didymus, Diplotaxis assurgens, D. gomez-campoi, D. muralis, D. siettiana, D. tenuisiliqua, Enatharocarpus lyratus, Lepidium sativum and Sinapis alba along with five cultivated Brassica species including B. rapa (BSH-1), B. juncea (Rohini), B. napus (GSC-6), B. carinata (DLSC-2) and Eruca sativa (T-27) were screened against mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) with a standardized technique under definite level of aphid pressure developed using specially designed cages. Observations have revealed that B. fruticulosa, B. spinescens, Camelina sativa, Crambe abysinnica and Lepidium sativum were resistant to mustard aphid L. erysimi with aphid infestation index (AII) ≤1. Capsella bursa-pastoris was highly susceptible to bean aphid, Aphis fabae during its vegetative stage (with 100% mortality). Other genotypes were found in the range of ‘susceptible’ to ‘highly susceptible’ with AII ranging 3-5.

Clinical Profile of Vivax Malaria among Children in a Tertiary Care Hospital.

Malaria is endemic in India. Vivax malaria has been traditionally described as benign tertian malaria but recent reports from many centers have revealed that it can cause life threatening disease as seen in case of falciparum malaria.There is paucity of data on this topic from this region. Objective: The present study is aimed to find out the clinical features, complications, response to treatment and outcome of patients suffering from vivax malaria in children. The study has also tried to focus on the severe illnesses associated with P. vivax infection. Material and Methods: The study was performed at a tertiary care hospital of Uttrakhand. The study period was of two years, from August 2011 to July 2013. Patients of 18 years of age or below it who were smear positive or antigen positive were included in the study. All such patients who were admitted in the hospital underwent detailed investigation. The data analysed to find out their clinical profile, laboratory manifestations and outcome. Result: 72 patients were identified as suffering from plasmodium vivax malaria. Splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, hepatosplenomegaly, were common findings. Renal, hepatic and cerebral dysfunctions were noted, severe malaria was observed in 28(38.9%). Thrombocytopenia was the commonest hematological abnormality. 5(6.9%) patients died. Cerebral malaria, shock and ARDS were associated with high mortality. Conclusion: Vivax malaria, in its severe form, may cause life threatening complications. The clinical profile in such patients is similar to those which have been traditionally described with falciparum malaria.

Comparison of the dental arch changes in patients with different malocclusions.

Aims and Objectives: To evaluate the pre-treatment and post-treatment dental arch changes in both upper and lower arches in orthodontic patients treated with extraction of first premolar teeth. Subjects and Methods: Measurements were made on casts of 50 post treated cases in the age group of 12-30 years for individual tooth measurements, width of the arches (inter-incisal, inter-canine, inter-premolar and inter-molar) arch length (both right and left sides, anterior segment, posterior segment and total arch length for both for the maxillary and mandibular dental casts. Statistical Analysis Used: Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for Normality, Regression Analysis was done as variables were tested and proved to follow normality. Statistical software  Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 18 (SPSS Inc.; Chicago, Illinois, USA) was used for data analysis. Descriptive statistics and paired t-tests were used to compare the changes in the Class I and Class II div 1 groups. Results: There was a significant increase in the inter-incisor and inter-canine width post-treatment in the Class I and Class II div 1 subjects in the upper arch but no significant change in inter-incisor width in the lower arch in class I subjects. A significant decline in the inter-molar arch width in both the groups were seen. The inter-premolar arch width declined significantly in Class I cases while it increased significantly in Class II div 1 subjects. There was a significant increase in anterior arch length and a significant decrease in posterior arch length in all subjects. Conclusions: The findings of this original clinical research should significantly help the orthodontists in orthodontic treatment planning in patients requiring extractions of premolars.

A study of complications of scrub typhus in a tertiary health care institute of Uttarakhand, India.

Background: Scrub typhus or tsutsugamushi disease is a febrile illness caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi. Uttarakhand State in the northern region of India has been witnessing increased incidence of this fever. There is paucity of data on this topic from this region. The present study was conducted to find out the clinical features, complications, response to treatment and outcome of patients suffering from scrub typhus in a tertiary health care institute of Uttarakhand, India. Methods: The study was performed at SGRR Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, Dehradun, which is a tertiary health care institute Uttrakhand. The study period was of 1year from December 2012 to November 2013. Patients of 12 years of age or above it who were IgM antibody positive by ELISA technique were included in the study. All such patients underwent detailed clinical examination and investigation. Results: 47 patients were found to be suffering from scrub typhus. The common symptoms noted fever, myalgias, headache, vomiting, diarrhoea, breathlessness, petechiae and jaundice. Common complications noticed were hepatitis (78.7%) acute respiratory distress syndrome (19.2%), thrombocytopenia (46.8%) and acute renal failure (31.9%), Mortality was seen in 3 (6.4%) patients. Conclusions: Scrub typhus is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in Uttarakhand. High index of suspicion, early diagnosis, monitoring of the clinical and laboratory parameters and prompt intervention may help in reducing the mortality.

A study of clinical and laboratory profile of dengue fever in a tertiary care centre of Uttarakhand, India.

Background: Dengue is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in India. Many recent studies have shown varied clinical manifestations from different geographical locations. There is paucity of data on this topic from this region. The present study was conducted to find out the clinical features, complications, response to treatment and outcome of patients suffering from dengue in a tertiary care centre of Uttarakhand, India. Methods: The study was performed at SGRR Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, Dehradun, which is a tertiary care hospital of Uttrakhand. The study period was of 1 year from July 2012 to June 2013. Patients of 12 years of age or above it who were antigen positive or antibody positive were included in the study. All such patients who were admitted in the hospital underwent detailed clinical examination and investigation. Results: Dengue infection was identified in 140 patients. Thrombocytopenia was the commonest hematological abnormality. Splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and hepatosplenomegaly, were common findings. Renal, hepatic and cerebral dysfunctions were noted. Mortality was seen in 5 (3.6%) patients. Encephalitis, shock and ARDS were associated with high mortality and poor outcome. Conclusions: Dengue is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in Uttarakhand. High index of suspicion, early diagnosis, monitoring of the clinical and laboratory parameters and prompt intervention may help in reducing the mortality.

A comparative study of complications of vivax and falciparum malaria in Dehradun, India.

Background: Traditionally Plasmodium falciparum has been considered to cause severe malaria while Plasmodium vivax is known to cause benign malaria. However many recent studies have shown that Plasmodium vivax is also responsible for many cases of severe malaria. There is scarcity of data on this topic from this region. The present study was conducted to find out clinical and pathological manifestations of vivax and falciparum malaria in Dehradun. Methods: The study period was of one and half years, from January 2012 to June 2013. Patients of 18 years of age or above it who were smear positive or antigen positive were included in the study. Results: one hundred and thirty nine patients were found to be suffering from malaria. 90 (64.7%) had vivax malaria, while 49 (35.3%) patients suffered from falciparum. The study of morbidity profile showed that the complications related to severity, earlier attributed to only falciparum is equally seen in vivax case. Low platelet count was the commonest finding in both groups. Other complications seen in both groups were those of severe anemia, cerebral malaria, ARDS, renal failure, hepatitis, leucocytopenia, pancytopenia, and shock. Mortality in the two groups was of the same order. Conclusions: Vivax malaria causes significant mortality and morbidity. The morbidity and patterns are almost similar in both vivax and falciparum malaria.

Prevalence of Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease Among School Children.

Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD) are significant public health concerns in the developing countries like India. A total number of 10330 school children were examined clinically for evidence of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease . Those suffering with the disease were subjected to electrocardiographic, rontgenographic and echocardiographic examination. Prevalence of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease was found to be 0.87 per 1000.

The effect of amlodipine on blood glucose level and its interaction with oral hypoglycemic drugs in albino rabbits.

Background: Amlodipine used as many cardiac conditions esp in hypertension. Diabetes affects cardiovascular system adversely. So this study was done to see effect of amlodipine on blood glucose level and its interaction with commonly used oral hypoglycemic agents in diabetic & non diabetic albino rabbits. Methods: Rabbits were divided into nine groups of 6 rabbits in each group. I and II group were non-diabetic given normal saline and amlodipine respectively. Group III to IX were made diabetic by using alloxan monohydrate (150mg/kg i.p.) & given normal saline, glimepiride, metformin, pioglitazone, amlodipine + glimepiride, amlodipine + metformin and amlodipine + pioglitazone respectively. All drugs were given orally once daily for 7 day except group VII, VIII and IX in which glimepiride, metformin and pioglitazone were added on 7th day. After GTT blood glucose level were measured at 0, 1, 2 and 6 hours on 7th day in all groups by using spectrophotometer. Results: After 7 days of treatment the amlodipine produced significant hyperglycemia in normal rabbits. Amlodipine on combination, causes significant decreased in hypoglycemic effect of glimepiride, significant increased the hypoglycemic effect of metformin, while no significant changes in hypoglycemic effects of pioglitazone in diabetic rabbits. Conclusion: The present study shows that amlodipine causes hyperglycemia in normal rabbits. Amlodipine significantly altered hypoglycemic effect of glimepiride and metformin as compared to control group. If these finding are true to human beings then amlodipine should be use cautiously in diabetic patient on oral hypoglycemic drugs.

Complications of vivax malaria in Uttarakhand, India.

Background: Malaria is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in India. Many recent studies have shown that vivax malaria which was once thought to be a benign condition has emerged in a more virulent form causing many cases of severe malaria and life threatening complications. There is paucity of data on this topic from this region. Objective: The present study was conducted to find out the clinical features, complications, response to treatment and outcome of patients suffering from vivax malaria. The study has also tried to find out severe malaria associated with P. vivax infection. Methods: The study was performed at SGRR Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, Dehradun, which is a tertiary care hospital of Uttarakhand. The study period was of two years, from September 2011 to August 2013. Patients of 18 years of age or above it who were smear positive or antigen positive were included in the study. All such patients who were admitted in the hospital underwent detailed clinical examination and investigation. Results: Plasmodium vivax infection was identified in 140 patients. Splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and hepatosplenomegaly, were common findings. Renal, hepatic and cerebral dysfunctions were noted. Severe malaria was observed in 63(45.0%). Thrombocytopenia was the commonest hematological abnormality. Mortality was seen in 9(6.4%) patients. Cerebral malaria, shock and ARDS were associated with high mortality and poor outcome. Conclusion: Vivax malaria may cause life threatening complications. The complications of vivax malaria are similar to those which have been traditionally described with falciparum malaria.

Cryptococcal meningitis associated with tuberculosis in HIV infected patients.

Summary: Opportunistic infections are common complications of advanced immuno-deficiency in individuals with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. Following involvement of the lung, the central nervous system (CNS) is the second most commonly affected organ. We report two cases of concurrent cryptococcal meningitis and tuberculosis (TB) in HIV infected persons. A high suspicion of multiple opportunistic infections should be kept in mind in HIV seropositive individuals.

Screening and isolation of halophilic bacteria producing industrially important enzymes

Halophiles are excellent sources of enzymes that are not only salt stable but also can withstand and carry out reactions efficiently under extreme conditions. The aim of the study was to isolate and study the diversity among halophilic bacteria producing enzymes of industrial value. Screening of halophiles from various saline habitats of India led to isolation of 108 halophilic bacteria producing industrially important hydrolases (amylases, lipases and proteases). Characterization of 21 potential isolates by morphological, biochemical and 16S rRNA gene analysis found them related to Marinobacter, Virgibacillus, Halobacillus, Geomicrobium, Chromohalobacter, Oceanobacillus, Bacillus, Halomonas and Staphylococcus genera. They belonged to moderately halophilic group of bacteria exhibiting salt requirement in the range of 3-20%. There is significant diversity among halophiles from saline habitats of India. Preliminary characterization of crude hydrolases established them to be active and stable under more than one extreme condition of high salt, pH, temperature and presence of organic solvents. It is concluded that these halophilic isolates are not only diverse in phylogeny but also in their enzyme characteristics. Their enzymes may be potentially useful for catalysis under harsh operational conditions encountered in industrial processes. The solvent stability among halophilic enzymes seems a generic novel feature making them potentially useful in non-aqueous enzymology.

Glucose tolerance & insulin response in patients with hypertension.

Background: Insulin resistance leads to impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, and other adverse cardiovascular effects. Euglycemic insulin clamp have shown that essential hypertension per se is a state of insulin resistance and has been associated with an increased incidence of diabetes Aims: To ascertain the prevalence of several degrees of glucose abnormalities in patients with hypertension and to examine the insulin secretory response to oral glucose load. Study design, Material and Method: This cross-sectional analytical study included 325 hypertensive patients (with or without diabetes)and 100 control subjects. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) following WHO guidelines was performed in all subjects, with measurement of insulin at baseline and every 30 minutes after the glucose load. Results: Abnormal glucose metabolism was observed in 70.77% of patients (95% confidence interval [CI], 65.87% - 74.21%). Of the 325 patients, 29.23% patients showed normal glucose metabolism. Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and Impaired fasting glycemia (IFG) were diagnosed in 30.46% and 16.61% patients respectively .Total diabetic population in the hypertensive patients were 23.69% (silent previously undiagnosed diabetes mellitus was diagnosed in 9.53% of patients while 14.15%reported a previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus).Decreasing glucose tolerance was associated with insulin resistance. From normal glucose tolerance condition through IGT, IFG to diabetic, the HOMA IR progressively increased. Results of standard OGTT and corresponding insulin response after 0, 30, 60 and 120 minutes were significantly higher in patients compared with control subjects. LVMI and severity of glucose intolerance were significantly related. Male gender, higher levels of insulin (fasting insulin/HOMA IR) and greater adiposity (BMI) were all strongly associated with the severity of glucose abnormalities. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome increased progressively with severity of glucose abnormality. Conclusions: More than two-third of the hypertensive patients exhibited different glucose abnormalities and exaggerated insulin response to glucose load (hyperinsulinemia) along with cluster of other cardiovascular risk factors, whose prevalence increases with severity of glucose intolerance.

Variation in the Origin of the Testicular Arteries and Drainage of the Right Testicular Vein / Variación en el Origen de las Arterias Testiculares y el Drenaje de la Vena Testicular Derecha

During routine dissection of a 42 year old male Indian cadaver posterior abdominal wall, variations in the testicular vessels were observed. The right testicular artery arose from the right accessory renal artery, which originated from the ventral aspect of the abdominal aorta. The left testicular artery originated from the ventral aspect of the aorta in almost the same horizontal line as the right accessory renal artery, just below the superior mesenteric artery and 1.79 cm, above the origin of the renal arteries. The right vein drained into the right accessory renal vein instead of the inferior vena cava, while the left testicular vein drained into the left renal vein. The presence of variation of both the testicular arteries as well as the testicular vein is seldom seen together.

Durante una disección de rutina de un cadáver, perteneciente a un hombre indio de 42 años, se observaron variaciones en los vasos testiculares en la pared abdominal posterior. La arteria testicular derecha se originó desde la arteria renal accesoria, proveniente de la cara ventral de la parte abdominal de la aorta. La arteria testicular izquierda se originó en la cara ventral de la parte abdominal de la aorta, casi en la misma línea horizontal de la arteria renal accesoria derecha, justo distal a la arteria mesentérica superior y 1,79 cm sobre el origen de las arterias renales. La vena renal derecha drenaba en la vena renal accesoria en lugar de la vena cava inferior, mientras que la vena testicular izquierda drenaba en la vena renal izquierda. En muy pocas ocasiones es posible observar de manera conjunta, variaciones tanto de las arterias como de las venas testiculares.

Epidemiology and symptom profile of gastroesophageal reflux in the Indian population: Report of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology Task Force.

Background Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and its complications are thought to be infrequent in India; there are no data from India on the prevalence of and risk factors for GERD. The Indian Society of Gastroenterology formed a task force aiming to study: (a) the frequency and profile of GERD in India, (b) factors including diet associated with GERD. Methods In this prospective, multi-center (12 centers) study, data were obtained using a questionnaire from 3224 subjects regarding the frequency, severity and duration of heartburn, regurgitation and other symptoms of GERD. Data were also obtained regarding their dietary habits, addictions, and lifestyle, and whether any of these were related or had been altered because of symptoms. Data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate methods. Results Two hundred and forty-five (7.6%) of 3224 subjects had heartburn and/or regurgitation at least once a week. On univariate analysis, older age (OR 1.012; 95% CI 1.003–1.021), consumption of non-vegetarian and fried foods, aerated drinks, tea/coffee were associated with GERD. Frequency of smoking was similar among subjects with or without GERD. Body mass index (BMI) was similar in subjects with and without GERD. On multivariate analysis, consumption of non-vegetarian food was independently associated with GERD symptoms. Overlap with symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome was not uncommon; 21% reported difficulty in passage of stool and 9% had mucus in stools. About 25% of patients had consulted a doctor previously for their gastrointestinal symptoms. Conclusion 7.6% of Indian subjects have significant GERD symptoms. Consumption of non-vegetarian foods was an independent predictor of GERD. BMI was comparable among subjects with or without GERD.

Evaluation of Larvicidal and Repellent Activity of Xanthium Strumarium (Asteraceae) Ethanol Extract agaist Mosquito Vectors.

Ethanol extract of leaf and seed of Xanthium strumarium was investigated for anti-mosquito potential, including larvicidal and repellent activities against Anopheles culicifacies, Anopheles stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti. The ethanol-extracted Xanthium strumarium possessed larvicidal activity against fourth instar larvae of An. culicifacies, An. stephensi Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti. The LD 50 and LD values of ethanol-extracted of leaf were 0.19, 0.8, 0.27, 0.27% and 90 1.3, 1.3, 1.0, 1.8% and seed were 0.15, 0.9, 0.25, 0.23 and 1.5, 1.4, 1.7, 1.9% against An. culicifacies An. stephensi Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti respectively. It showed 100% repellency against An. culicifacies, An. stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus in 0h 1h, 2h 4h and 1h 2h 6h, at 10% concentration respectively. It also provided biting protection time of 0h, 1h, 2h, 4h, and 6h when applied at a concentration of 2.5, 5, and 10 %. Against Deet- 2.5% An. culicifacies Giles species A 100% repellency in 1h, 2h, An. stephensi Liston 100% repellency in 2h, 4h, and Culex quinquefasciatus Say have shown 100% repellency in 4h. Xanthium strumarium, therefore, can be considered as a probable source of some biologically active compounds used in the development of mosquito control agents, particularly repellent and larvicidal products.